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Monday 23 August 2021

English B Prose (Short Story): "Drunkard of the River" with Critical Analysis

"Drunkard of the River"

Michael Anthony (Trinidad)

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“Where you’ father?” 

The boy did not answer. He paddled his boat carefully between the shallows, and then he ran the boat alongside the bank, putting his paddle in front to stop it. Then he threw the rope round the picket and helped himself on to the bank. His mother stood in front the door still staring at him.

“Where you’ father?”

The boy disguised his irritation. He looked at his mother and said calmly, “You know Pa. You know where he is.” 

“And ah did tell you not to come back without ‘im?”

“I could bring Pa back?” The boy cried. His bitterness was getting the better of him. “When Pa want to drink I could bring him back?”

It was always the same. The boy’s mother stood in front of the door staring up the river. Every Saturday night it was like this. Every Saturday night Mano went out to the village and drank himself helpless and lay on the floor of the shop, cursing and vomiting until the Chinaman was ready to close up. Then they rolled him outside and heaven knows, maybe they even spat on him.

The boy’s mother stared up the river, her face twisted with anger and distress. She couldn’t go up the river now. It would be hell and fire if she went. But Mano had to be brought home. She turned to see what the boy was doing. He had packed away the things from the shopping bag and he was now reclining on the settee.

“You have to go for you’ father, you know,” she said.

“Who?”

“You!”

“Not me!” 

“Who de hell you tellin’ not me,” she shouted. She was furious now. “Dammit, you have to go for you’ father!”

Sona had risen from the settee on the alert. His mother hardly ever hit him now but he could never tell. It had been a long time since she had looked so angry and had stamped her feet.

He rose slowly and reluctantly and as he glanced at her he couldn’t understand what was wrong with her. 

He couldn’t see why she bothered about his father at all. For his father was stupid and worthless and made their life miserable. If he could have had his way Mano would have been out of the house a long time now. His bed would have been the dirty meat-table in front of Assing’s shop. That was what he deserved. 

The rascal! The boy spat through the window. The very thought of his father sickened him.

Yet with Sona’s mother it was different. The man she had married and who had turned out badly was still the pillar of her life. Although he had piled up grief after grief, tear after tear, she felt lost and drifting without him. To her he was as mighty as the very Ortoire that flowed outside. She remembered that in his young days there was nothing any living man could do that he could not.

In her eyes he was still young. He did not grow old. It was she who had aged. He had only turned out badly. She hated him for the way he drank rum and squandered the little money he worked for. But she did not mind the money so much. It was seeing him drunk. She knew when he arrived back staggering how she would shake with rage and curse him, but even so, how inside she would shake with the joy of having him safe and home.

She wondered what was going on at the shop now. She wondered if he was already drunk and helpless and making a fool of himself.

With Sona, the drunkard’s son, this was what stung more than ever. The way Mano, his father, cursed everybody and made a fool of himself. Sometimes he had listened to his father and he had felt to kick him, so ashamed he was. Often in silence he had shaken his fist and said, “One day, ah’ll – ah’ll…” 

He had watched his mother put up with hell and sweat and starvation. She was getting skinnier every day, and she looked more like fifty-six than the thirty-six she was. Already her hair was greying. Sometimes he had looked at her and thinking of his father, he had ground his teeth and had said, “Beast!” several times to himself. He was in the frame of mind now. Bitter and reluctant, he went to untie the boat.

“If I can’t bring ‘im, I’ll leave ‘im,” he said angrily.

“Get somebody to help you!” 

He turned to her. “Nobody wouldn’t help me. He does insult everybody. Last week Bolai kick him.” 

“Bolai kick ‘im? An’ what you do?”

His mother was stung with rage and shock. Her eyes were large and red and watery.

The boy casually unwound the rope from the picket. “What I do? He said. “That is he and Bolai business.”

His mother burst out crying.

“What ah must do?” the boy said. “All the time ah say, ‘Pa, come home, come home, Pa!’ You know what he tell me? He say, ‘Go to hell, yuh little bitch!!’”

His mother turned to him. Beads of tears were still streaming down the sides of her face.

“Sona, go for you’ father. Go now. You stand up dey and watch Bolai kick you’ father and you ent do nothing? He mind you, you know,” she sobbed. “He is you’ father, you ungrateful---” And choking with anger and grief she burst out crying again.

When she raised her head, Sona was paddling towards mid-stream, scowling, avoiding the shallows of the river.

True enough there was havoc in Assing’s shop. Mano’s routine was well under way. He staggered about the bar dribbling and cursing and yet again the Chinaman spoke to him about his words, not that he cared about Mano’s behavior. The rum Mano consumed made quite a difference to Assing’s account. It safe-guarded Mano’s free speech in the shop.

But the customers were disgusted. All sorts of things had happened on Saturday nights through Mano’s drunkenness. There was no such thing as buying in peace once Mano was there.

So now with trouble looming, the coming of Sona was sweet relief. As Sona walked in, someone pointed out his father between the sugar bags.

“Pa!”

Mano looked up. “What you come for?” he drawled. “Who send you?”

“Ma say to come home,” Sona said. He told himself that he mustn’t lose control in front of strangers.

“Well!”

“Ma send me for you.”

“You! You’ mother send you for me! So you is me father now, eh-eh?” In his drunken rage the old man staggered towards his son.

Sona didn’t walk back. He never did anything that would make him feel stupid in front of a crowd. But before he realized what was happening his father lunged forward and struck him on his left temple. 

“So you is me father, eh? You is me father, now!” He kicked the boy.

Two or three people bore down on Mano and held him off the boy. Sona put his hands to his belly where his father had just kicked him. Tears came to his eyes. The drunkenness was gripping Mano more and more. He could hardly stand on his own now. He was struggling to set himself free. The men held on to him. Sona kept out of the way.

“It’s a damn’ shame!” somebody said.

“Shame?” Mano drawled. “An’ he is me father now, ‘e modder send him for me. Let me go,” he cried, struggling more than ever, “I’ll kill ‘im. So help me God, I’ll kill ‘im!”

They hadn’t much to do to control Mano at this stage. His body was supple and weak now, as if his bones were turning to water. The person who cried, “It’s a damn’ shame!” spoke again.

“Why you don’t carry ‘im home boy? You can’t see ‘e only making botheration?”

“You’ll help me put ‘’im in the boat?” Sona asked. He looked unruffled now. He seemed only concerned with getting his father out of the shop, and out of all this confusion. Nobody could tell what went on below the calmness of his face. Nobody could guess the hate that was blazing in his mind.

Four men and Sona lifted Mano and carted him into the boat. The old man was snoring, in a state of drunkenness. It was the state of drunkenness when things were at rest.

The four men pushed the boat off. Sona looked at his father. After a while he looked back at the bridge. 

Everything behind was swallowed by the darkness. “Pa,” the boy said. His father groaned. “Pa, yuh going home,” Sona said.

The wilderness of mangroves and river spread out before the boat. They were alone. Sona was alone with Mano, and the river and the mangroves and the night, and the swarms of alligator below. He looked at his father again. “Pa, so you kick me up then, eh?”

Far into the night Sona’s mother waited. She slept a little on one side, then she turned on the other side, and at every sound she woke up, straining her ears. There was no sound of the paddle on water. Surely the shops must have closed by now, she thought. 

Everything must have closed by this time. She lay there anxious and listened until her eyes shut again in an uneasy sleep. 

She was awakened by the creaking of the bedroom floor. Sona jumped back when she spoke.

“Who that – Mano?”

“Is me, Ma,” Sona said.

His bones too, seemed to be turning liquid. Not from drunkenness, but from fear. The lion in him had changed into a lamb. As he spoke his voice trembled.

His mother didn’t notice. “All you now, come?” she said. 

“Where Mano?”

The boy didn’t’ answer. In the darkness he took down his things from the nails.

“Where Mano? His mother cried out.

“He out there sleeping. He drunk.”

“The bitch!” his mother said, getting up and feeling for the matches.

Sona quickly slipped outside. Fear dazed him now and he felt dizzy. He looked at the river and he looked back at the house and there was only one word that kept hitting against his mind: Police!

“Mano!” he heard his mother call to the emptiness of the house. “Mano!”

Panic-stricken, Sona fled into the mangroves and into the night. 

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Analysis (at a glance)

The Author: MICHAEL ANTHONY

a Brief (a concise review)







___________________________________________
A critical review (analysis) of the story: "Drunkard of the River" 
By O. O. Worrell


A play on words; what's in a name?: 

At a cursory glance, the Manifest Level of Signification (on the surface reading/reading at a glance) of the title suggest Mano is the proverbial village drunk who lives by the Ortoire River. However, the author appears to be implying much more. On closer interpellation, we (as readers and literary critics), encounter Michael Anthony's Latent Level of Signification (core or subtextual reading/reading for insight) into the deeper meaning of this title and narrative: Mano, the infamous alcoholic, whose disease (of alcoholism) has caused his family great distress, socioeconomic disenfranchisement and, perhaps most painfully, his own diminished self-worth in the eyes of his son, Sona; "the drunkard's son".

Additionally, the title resonates with Mano's probable, yet untimely "committal" to a watery grave at the hands of his own son, Sona. Indeed, the SON of MAN (Son-a, son of Man-o) appears to have drowned his father in the river by casting him overboard as he transported him home in the row boat. It was the Son of Man who exacted revenge against his father, by committing Patricide for the humiliating physical abuse the latter inflicted upon the former. Thereby, reversing the biblical account/allusion which states: "Yet it pleased the Lord [the Father] to bruise him [the Son]; he hath put him to grief" (Isaiah 53:10). Here, as a twist[ed] / [of] Fate would have it: "It pleased the Son-a to bruise the father, Man-o" and flee the scene of the crime, the Ortoire River: a socially, spiritually, economically, and morally bankrupt "Garden of Eden." In this "Fallen Eden", absent of the spiritual light of life (symbolised by its famous natural bioluminescence) the father is unceremoniously forced to 'eternally drink' himself into a perpetual stupor [a victim of drowning in the river] as punishment for his sins while the son becomes a perpetual fugitive, like the biblical Cain; forever cursed and banished from his homeland.

Setting (geographical place/space of the story):

The Ortoire River is a river in Trinidad and Tobago. It forms the boundary between Nariva County and Mayaro County in east Trinidad. The river is famous for giving off light which usually appears blue in color every ten years, this is due to the bioluminescence of living organisms residing in the water.

Note: There is an expectancy (from the reader's gaze) that this setting will be teeming with life, vibrancy, and the ecological harmony of Mother Nature's flora and fauna. However, this is far from reality. Instead, readers encounter a foreboding description of haunting drudgery and menacing misery for Mano, his family (both wife and son) and the village; all "swallowed by the darkness" of this river setting. In this "wilderness of mangroves" with its "swarms of alligator below", the mangrove setting (mossy covert / river culvert) of the Ortoire River is just as treacherous to this already doomed family as their beleaguered socioeconomic living conditions. In the author's own words, this setting (both natural and social) can be aptly described as "the state of drunkenness".

The Literary Craft and the Element of Suspense:

Additionally, the suspenseful ending lends itself to much speculation concerning the whereabouts of Mano, although one might easily assume he was "murdered" by his son, Sona. Who, by some twisted fate of poetic justice, unceremoniously ushered his father into his eternal rest with the foreboding, yet priestly pronouncement, “Pa, yuh going home,” as if by premeditation. It also highlights the thematic and systemic reality of domestic abuse, poverty, ethnic and racial divisions, notions surrounding masculinity and patriarchy, the role of women and children in relation to men in the home and community, and the destructive effects of alcoholism as a societal ill and threat to the stability of family and community life. Thus, the role of the man, as father, husband, breadwinner/provider, protector and leader comes under sharp focus and scrutiny.

Themes:
  1. The dysfunctional family/family life
  2. Alcoholism ("Drunkenness") and the drunkenness of abuse, violence, dysfunctional family life, and hate.
  3. Abuse: domestic, physical and verbal abuse
  4. The entrapment of alcoholism and abuse
  5. Poverty (economic disenfranchisement)
  6. Isolation (socioeconomic isolation)
  7. Relationships: spousal, father & son
  8. Masculinity and patriarchy
  9. The role of men, women and children
  10. The role of the man: as father, husband, breadwinner/provider, protector and leader
  11. Home and community life
  12. Racial and ethic disparity/divide/fragmentation
  13. Violence (physical): a systemic social ill
  14. Despair and hopelessness

Discussion questions
  1. What relevance does such a story have for families in the Caribbean today? 
  2. What lessons can be learnt and reinforced in teaching such a story, especially to young males in our schools, some of whom may readily relate to such events?
  3. What would you have done in Sona's place, after suffering such humiliatingly vicious, physical and verbal abuse from your abuser (who happens to be your parent) and is now in your care?
  4. Consider a role reversal scenario. You are either Mano, Sona, Ma (Mano's wife and Sona's mother), or Assing (the shop owner). What would you do differently to bring about a positive change or outcome to the events in this story?
  5. Who is the "real" antagonist (an adversary) in this story, Mano or Alcoholism?
  6. Is Sona a victim or villain (of circumstance)?
  7. Is it a fair assessment to describe this story as "the author holding a mirror up to society—the sometimes (un)paradisiacal reality of West Indian family and community life?"
  8. Are Caribbean societies (islands) "states of drunkenness"? Are their citizens living in a "state of drunkenness?"
OOW
2021

Directed Reading/Thinking Activity - ppt download

View linkรจDirected Reading/Thinking Activity - ppt download: DR/TA Versatile Encourages active reading Modified K-W-L Chart Activates prior knowledge Predicts Reflects on predictions Modified K-W-L Chart



OOW
2021

Friday 6 August 2021

The Chronological Order of Jesus’ 46 Parables

 Parablesimple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels. Commonly defined as an earthly story with a heavenly meaning. A form of figurative speech.

Secondary definition: a teaching method, using the familiar to illustrate unfamiliar (hidden) concepts (about the Kingdom of Heaven).


Note: A fuller list of parables in the Bible (Old & New Testaments) is provided at the end of this study.

Also, those presenting may register their names along with the specific parable(s) by going to the link that will be provided. Thank you for your participation.

(Note: this link will be removed after we have completed our study of the parables).

The central theme behind these parables

All parables told by Jesus follow a universal theme ― the Kingdom of Heaven. Thus, how one should perceive the Kingdom of Heaven and its divine attributes (code of conduct) are illustrated by Christ using everyday activities, usually within the predominantly agricultural setting of his day.

Hence, the Kingdom of Heaven is often likened to various agricultural activities such as crop production or fishing which were commonplace professions among the people of Jesus' time. 

One can imagine that when Jesus was telling these pithy stories he looked among his audience and saw some of the very people he was describing in his tales ― fisherfolk, herdsmen, tax collectors, food crop producers; both rich and poor alike.

It is also reasonable to assume that many persons listening to these stories told by Jesus could relate to the practical meaning behind these stories. However, the deeper spiritual significance of these tales would have proved far more challenging to the uninitiated. This is clearly observed when Jesus was explaining the spiritual significance of the "Parable of the Sower" to his disciples.


Again, near the end of his public ministry, Jesus' disciples are once more perplexed by our Master's use of figurative language but are elated when he reveals the meaning of his statements to them.


Having established that the central theme underlying parables is the Kingdom of Heaven, how then do we apply this knowledge to our understanding and implementation of these parables? Many biblical scholars have suggested examining these parables using three primary questions:
  1. What spiritual truth/s (the main message) do you think Jesus wanted his audience to learn from this story?
  2. What is the parable saying to us today (what relevance does it have for us today)?
  3. How can the truth/s we have discovered from this story help us as citizens of God's Kingdom (how can we apply it to our lives)?
Here is an example of this method.
A Parable of the Kingdom of Heaven
  • "The Fishing Net"
Text: Matthew 13:47-50

The questions (examination)
  • What spiritual truth/s (the main message) do you think Jesus wanted his audience to learn from this story?
  • What is the parable saying to us today (what relevance does it have for us today)?
  • How can the truth/s we have discovered from this story help us as citizens of God's Kingdom (how can we apply it to our lives)?

A PARABLE OF FISHLESS FISHERMEN

ISSUE: Is a person a fisherman if year after year he never catches any fish?


Parables in the Bible (Old & New Testaments)

Additionally, view information provided in the link below on All the Parables of Jesus | Jesus Film Project:

OOW
2021 & 2022