Architecture and Engineering Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Aerospace engineering and operations technicians operate and maintain equipment used in developing, testing, producing, and sustaining new aircraft and spacecraft. Increasingly, these workers are using computer-based modelling and simulation tools and processes in their work, as well as advanced automation and robotics.
|
Associate's degree
|
$67,240
| |
Aerospace engineers design primarily aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and missiles. In addition, they create and test prototypes to make sure that they function according to design.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$113,030
| |
Agricultural engineers attempt to solve agricultural problems concerning power supplies, the efficiency of machinery, the use of structures and facilities, pollution and environmental issues, and the storage and processing of agricultural products.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$74,780
| |
Architects plan and design houses, factories, office buildings, and other structures.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$78,470
| |
Biomedical engineers combine engineering principles with medical sciences to design and create equipment, devices, computer systems, and software used in healthcare.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$88,040
| |
Cartographers and photogrammetrists collect, measure, and interpret geographic information in order to create and update maps and charts for regional planning, education, emergency response, and other purposes.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$63,990
| |
Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and math to solve problems that involve the production or use of chemicals, fuel, drugs, food, and many other products. They design processes and equipment for large-scale manufacturing, plan and test production methods and byproducts treatment, and direct facility operations.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$102,160
| |
Civil engineering technicians help civil engineers to plan, design, and build highways, bridges, utilities, and other infrastructure projects. They also help to plan, design, and build commercial, industrial, residential, and land development projects.
|
Associate's degree
|
$51,620
| |
Civil engineers conceive, design, build, supervise, operate, construct, and maintain infrastructure projects and systems in the public and private sector, including roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and systems for water supply and sewage treatment.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$84,770
| |
Computer hardware engineers research, design, develop, and test computer systems and components such as processors, circuit boards, memory devices, networks, and routers.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$115,120
| |
Drafters use software to convert the designs of engineers and architects into technical drawings. Most workers specialize in architectural, civil, electrical, or mechanical drafting and use technical drawings to help design everything from microchips to skyscrapers.
|
Associate's degree
|
$54,170
| |
Electrical and electronics engineering technicians help engineers design and develop computers, communications equipment, medical monitoring devices, navigational equipment, and other electrical and electronic equipment. They often work in product evaluation and testing, and use measuring and diagnostic devices to adjust, test, and repair equipment. They are also involved in the manufacture and deployment of equipment for automation.
|
Associate's degree
|
$63,660
| |
Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment, such as electric motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems, and power generation equipment. Electronics engineers design and develop electronic equipment, including broadcast and communications systems, such as portable music players and Global Positioning System (GPS) devices.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$97,970
| |
Electro-mechanical technicians combine knowledge of mechanical technology with knowledge of electrical and electronic circuits. They operate, test, and maintain unmanned, automated, robotic, or electromechanical equipment.
|
Associate's degree
|
$56,740
| |
Environmental engineering technicians carry out the plans that environmental engineers develop. They test, operate, and, if necessary, modify equipment used to prevent or clean up environmental pollution. They may collect samples for testing, or they may work to mitigate sources of environmental pollution.
|
Associate's degree
|
$50,230
| |
Environmental engineers use the principles of engineering, soil science, biology, and chemistry to develop solutions to environmental problems. They are involved in efforts to improve recycling, waste disposal, public health, and water and air pollution control.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$86,800
| |
Health and safety engineers develop procedures and design systems to protect people from illness and injury and property from damage. They combine knowledge of engineering and of health and safety to make sure that chemicals, machinery, software, furniture, and other products will not cause harm to people or damage to property.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$88,510
| |
Industrial engineering technicians assist industrial engineers in devising efficient systems that integrate workers, machines, materials, information, and energy to make a product or provide a service. They prepare machinery and equipment layouts, plan workflows, conduct statistical production studies, and analyze production costs.
|
Associate's degree
|
$54,280
| |
Industrial engineers find ways to eliminate wastefulness in production processes. They devise efficient systems that integrate workers, machines, materials, information, and energy to make a product or provide a service.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$85,880
| |
Landscape architects design parks and the outdoor spaces of campuses, recreational facilities, businesses, private homes, and other open areas.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$65,760
| |
Marine engineers and naval architects design, build, and maintain ships, from aircraft carriers to submarines and from sailboats to tankers. Marine engineers are responsible for the internal systems of a ship, such as the propulsion, electrical, refrigeration, and steering systems. Naval architects are responsible for the ship design, including the form, structure, and stability of hulls.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$90,970
| |
Materials engineers develop, process, and test materials used to create a wide range of products, from computer chips and aircraft wings to golf clubs and biomedical devices. They study the properties and structures of metals, ceramics, plastics, composites, nanomaterials (extremely small substances), and other substances in order to create new materials that meet certain mechanical, electrical, and chemical requirements.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$94,610
| |
Mechanical engineering technicians help mechanical engineers design, develop, test, and manufacture mechanical devices, including tools, engines, and machines. They may make sketches and rough layouts, record and analyze data, make calculations and estimates, and report their findings.
|
Associate's degree
|
$55,360
| |
Mechanical engineers design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal sensors and devices, including tools, engines, and machines.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$85,880
| |
Mining and geological engineers design mines to safely and efficiently remove minerals such as coal and metals for use in manufacturing and utilities.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$94,240
| |
Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. Many of these engineers find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials—for example, in equipment used in medical diagnosis and treatment.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$105,810
| |
Petroleum engineers design and develop methods for extracting oil and gas from deposits below the Earth’s surface. Petroleum engineers also find new ways to extract oil and gas from older wells.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$132,280
| |
Surveying and mapping technicians collect data and make maps of the Earth's surface. Surveying technicians visit sites to take measurements of the land. Mapping technicians use geographic data to create maps. They both assist surveyors and cartographers and photogrammetrists.
|
Surveying technicians usually need a high school diploma. However, mapping technicians often need formal education after high school to study technology applications, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
|
$43,340
| |
Surveyors make precise measurements to determine property boundaries. They provide data relevant to the shape and contour of the Earth’s surface for engineering, mapmaking, and construction projects.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$61,140
| |
Arts and Design Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Art directors are responsible for the visual style and images in magazines, newspapers, product packaging, and movie and television productions. They create the overall design of a project and direct others who develop artwork and layouts.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$92,500
| |
Craft and fine artists use a variety of materials and techniques to create art for sale and exhibition. Craft artists create handmade objects, such as pottery, glassware, textiles, and other objects that are designed to be functional. Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators, create original works of art for their aesthetic value, rather than for a functional one.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$49,160
| |
Fashion designers create original clothing, accessories, and footwear. They sketch designs, select fabrics and patterns, and give instructions on how to make the products they design.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$67,420
| |
Floral designers, also called florists, cut and arrange live, dried, and silk flowers and greenery to make decorative displays. They also help customers select flowers, containers, ribbons, and other accessories.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Programmes in floral design and caring techniques for flowers are available through private floral schools, vocational schools, and community colleges. Most offer a certificate or diploma.
|
$26,350
| |
Graphic designers create visual concepts, using computer software or by hand, to communicate ideas that inspire, inform, and captivate consumers. They develop the overall layout and production design for various applications such as advertisements, brochures, magazines, and corporate reports.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$48,700
| |
Industrial designers develop the concepts for manufactured products, such as cars, home appliances, and toys. They combine art, business, and engineering to make products that people use every day. Industrial designers consider the function, aesthetics, production costs, and usability of products when developing new product concepts.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$65,970
| |
Interior designers make interior spaces functional, safe, and beautiful by determining space requirements and selecting decorative items, such as colours, lighting, and materials. They read blueprints and must be aware of building codes and inspection regulations, as well as universal accessibility standards.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$51,500
| |
Multimedia artists and animators create animation and visual effects for television, movies, video games, and other forms of media.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$70,530
| |
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Grounds maintenance workers ensure that the grounds of houses, businesses, and parks are attractive, orderly, and healthy in order to provide a pleasant outdoor environment.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Although most grounds maintenance jobs have no education requirements, some employers may require formal education or certification in areas such as landscape design, horticulture, or arboriculture.
|
$28,110
| |
Janitors and building cleaners keep many types of buildings clean, orderly, and in good condition.
|
No formal educational credential. Most janitors and building cleaners learn on the job.
|
$24,990
| |
Pest control workers remove unwanted pests, such as roaches, rats, ants, bedbugs, mosquitoes, ticks and termites that infest buildings and surrounding areas.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. They often study specialties such as rodent control, termite control, and fumigation. Technicians also must complete general training in pesticide use and safety. Pest control training can usually be completed in less than 3 months.
|
$34,370
| |
Business and Financial Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Accountants and auditors prepare and examine financial records. They ensure that financial records are accurate and that taxes are paid properly and on time. Accountants and auditors assess financial operations and work to help ensure that organizations run efficiently.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$69,350
| |
Appraisers and assessors of real estate provide a value estimate on land and buildings usually before they are sold, mortgaged, taxed, insured, or developed.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$54,010
| |
Budget analysts help public and private institutions organize their finances. They prepare budget reports and monitor institutional spending.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$75,240
| |
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators evaluate insurance claims. They decide whether an insurance company must pay a claim, and if so, how much.
|
Bachelor’s degree or some insurance-related work experience.
|
$64,690
| |
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists conduct an organization’s compensation and benefits programmes. They also evaluate position descriptions to determine details such as classification and salary.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$62,680
| |
Cost estimators collect and analyze data in order to estimate the time, money, materials, and labour required to manufacture a product, construct a building, or provide a service. They generally specialize in a particular product or industry.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$63,110
| |
Financial analysts provide guidance to businesses and individuals making investment decisions. They assess the performance of stocks, bonds, and other types of investments.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$84,300
| |
Financial examiners ensure compliance with laws governing financial institutions and transactions. They review balance sheets, evaluate the risk level of loans, and assess bank management.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$81,690
| |
Fundraisers organize events and campaigns to raise money and other kinds of donations for an organization. They also may design promotional materials and increase awareness of an organization’s work, goals, and financial needs.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$55,640
| |
Human resources specialists recruit, screen, interview, and place workers. They often handle other human resources work, such as those related to employee relations, compensation and benefits, and training.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$60,350
| |
Insurance underwriters decide whether to provide insurance, and under what terms. They evaluate insurance applications and determine coverage amounts and premiums.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$69,760
| |
Labour relations specialists interpret and administer labour contracts regarding issues such as wages and salaries, healthcare, pensions, and union and management practices.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$63,200
| |
Loan officers evaluate, authorize, or recommend approval of loan applications for people and businesses.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$64,660
| |
Logisticians analyze and coordinate an organization’s supply chain—the system that moves a product from supplier to consumer. They manage the entire life cycle of a product, which includes how a product is acquired, allocated, and delivered.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$74,590
| |
Management analysts, often called management consultants, propose ways to improve an organization’s efficiency. They advise managers on how to make organizations more profitable through reduced costs and increased revenues.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$82,450
| |
Market research analysts study market conditions to examine potential sales of a product or service. They help companies understand what products people want, who will buy them, and at what price.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$63,230
| |
Meeting, convention, and event planners coordinate all aspects of events and professional meetings. They arrange meeting locations, transportation, and other details.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$48,290
| |
Personal financial advisors provide advice on investments, insurance, mortgages, college savings, estate planning, taxes, and retirement to help individuals manage their finances.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$90,640
| |
Buyers and purchasing agents buy products and services for organizations to use or resell. Purchasing managers oversee the work of buyers and purchasing agents.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$66,610
| |
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents determine how much is owed in taxes and collect tax from individuals and businesses on behalf of federal, state, and local governments. They review tax returns, conduct audits, identify taxes owed, and collect overdue tax payments.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$53,130
| |
Training and development specialists help plan, conduct, and administer programmes that train employees and improve their skills and knowledge.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$60,360
| |
Community and Social Service Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Health educators teach people about behaviours that promote wellness. They develop and implement strategies to improve the health of individuals and communities. Community health workers collect data and discuss health concerns with members of specific populations or communities.
|
Health educators need at least a bachelor’s degree
|
$45,360
| |
Marriage and family therapists help people manage and overcome problems with family and other relationships.
|
Master's degree
|
$48,790
| |
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists provide social services to assist in rehabilitation of law offenders in custody or on probation or parole.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$51,410
| |
Rehabilitation counsellors help people with physical, mental, developmental, or emotional disabilities live independently. They work with clients to overcome or manage the personal, social, or psychological effects of disabilities on employment or independent living.
|
Master's degree
|
$34,860. The highest 10 percent earned more than $62,780.
| |
School counsellors help students develop the academic and social skills needed to succeed in school. Career counsellors help people choose careers and follow a path to employment.
|
Master's degree
|
$55,410
| |
Social and human service assistants provide client services, including support for families, in a wide variety of fields, such as psychology, rehabilitation, and social work. They assist other workers, such as social workers, and they help clients find benefits or community services.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. A certificate or an associate’s degree in a subject such as human services, gerontology (working with older adults), or social or behavioural science is becoming more common for workers entering this occupation.
|
$33,120
| |
Social workers help people solve and cope with problems in their everyday lives. Clinical social workers also diagnose and treat mental, behavioural, and emotional issues.
|
Bachelor’s degree. Clinical social workers need a master's degree
|
$47,980
| |
Substance abuse, behavioural disorder, and mental health counsellors advise people who suffer from alcoholism, drug addiction, eating disorders, mental health issues, or other mental or behavioural problems. They provide treatment and support to help clients recover from addiction or modify problem behaviours.
|
Bachelor’s degree. Substance abuse and behavioural disorder counsellors in private practice must be licensed.
|
$43,300
| |
Computer and Information Technology Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Computer and information research scientists invent and design new approaches to computing technology and find innovative uses for existing technology. They study and solve complex problems in computing for business, medicine, science, and other fields.
|
Master's degree
|
$114,520
| |
Computer network architects design and build data communication networks, including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and Intranets. These networks range from small connections between two offices to next-generation networking capabilities such as a cloud infrastructure that serves multiple customers.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$104,650
| |
Computer programmers write and test codes that allows computer applications and software programmes to function properly. They turn the programme designs created by software developers and engineers into instructions that a computer can follow.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$82,240
| |
Computer support specialists provide help and advice to computer users and organizations. These specialists either support computer networks or they provide technical assistance directly to computer users.
|
Bachelor’s degree
|
$52,810
| |
Computer systems analysts, sometimes called systems architects, study an organization’s current computer systems and procedures, and design solutions to help the organization operate more efficiently and effectively. They bring business and information technology (IT) together by understanding the needs and limitations of both.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$88,270
| |
Database administrators (DBAs) use specialized software to store and organize data, such as financial information and customer shipping records. They make sure that data are available to users and secure from unauthorized access.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$87,020
| |
Information security analysts plan and carry out security measures to protect an organization’s computer networks and systems. Their responsibilities are continually expanding as the number of cyberattacks increases.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$95,510
| |
Computer networks are critical parts of almost every organization. Network and computer systems administrators are responsible for the day-to-day operation of these networks.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$81,100
| |
Software developers are the creative minds behind computer programmes. Some develop the applications that allow people to do specific tasks on a computer or another device. Others develop the underlying systems that run the devices or that control networks.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$103,560
| |
Web developers design and create websites. They are responsible for the look of the site. They are also responsible for the site’s technical aspects, such as its performance and capacity, which are measures of a website’s speed and how much traffic the site can handle. In addition, web developers may create content for the site.
|
Associate's degree
|
$67,990
| |
Construction and Extraction Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Boilermakers assemble, install, maintain, and repair boilers, closed vats, and other large vessels or containers that hold liquids and gases.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Boilermakers typically learn their trade through an apprenticeship programme.
|
$62,260
| |
Carpenters construct, repair, and install building frameworks and structures made from wood and other materials.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Carpenters typically learn on the job and through apprenticeships.
|
$45,170
| |
Construction and building inspectors ensure that construction meets local and national building codes and ordinances, zoning regulations, and contract specifications.
|
Most employers require construction and building inspectors to have at least a high school diploma and work experience in construction trades. Inspectors also typically learn on the job. Many states and local jurisdictions require some type of license or certification.
|
$59,090
| |
Construction equipment operators drive, manoeuver, or control the heavy machinery used to construct roads, bridges, buildings, and other structures.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Vocational training and math courses are useful, and a course in auto mechanics can be helpful because workers often perform maintenance on their equipment.
|
$46,080
| |
Construction labourers and helpers perform many tasks that require physical labour on construction sites.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Construction laborers and helpers learn their trade through on-the-job training (OJT). Workers usually learn by performing tasks under the guidance of experienced workers.
|
$33,450
| |
Drywall and ceiling tile installers hang wallboard and install ceiling tile inside buildings. Tapers prepare the wallboard for painting, using tape and other materials. Many workers both install and tape wallboard.
|
No formal educational credential. Most drywall and ceiling tile installers, and tapers learn their trade on the job.
|
$43,970
| |
Electricians install, maintain, and repair electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes, businesses, and factories.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Most electricians learn through an apprenticeship, but some start out by attending a technical school. Most states require electricians to be licensed.
|
$54,110
| |
Elevator installers and repairers install, fix, and maintain elevators, escalators, moving walkways, and other lifts.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Nearly all elevator installers and repairers learn through an apprenticeship. Some states require workers to be licensed.
|
$79,480
| |
Flooring installers and tile and marble setters lay and finish carpet, wood, vinyl, and tile.
|
No formal educational credential. Flooring installers and tile and marble setters typically learn their trade on the job, sometimes starting as a helper.
|
$40,250
| |
Glaziers install glass in windows, skylights, and other fixtures in storefronts and buildings.
|
Glaziers typically enter the occupation with a high school diploma and learn their trade through an apprenticeship or on-the-job training.
|
$42,580
| |
Hazardous materials (hazmat) removal workers identify and dispose of asbestos, lead, radioactive waste, and other hazardous materials. They also neutralize and clean up materials that are flammable, corrosive, or toxic.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Hazardous materials (hazmat) removal workers receive on-the-job training. They must complete up to 40 hours of training in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards.
|
$41,400
| |
Insulation workers, also called insulators, install and replace the materials used to insulate buildings and their mechanical systems.
|
Most floor, ceiling, and wall insulators learn their trade on the job. Many mechanical insulators complete an apprenticeship programme after earning a high school diploma or equivalent.
|
$39,930
| |
Ironworkers install structural and reinforcing iron and steel to form and support buildings, bridges, and roads.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Although most ironworkers learn through an apprenticeship, some learn on the job.
|
$51,320
| |
Masonry workers, also known as masons, use bricks, concrete blocks, concrete, and natural and manmade stones to build walls, walkways, fences, and other masonry structures.
|
Most masons have a high school diploma or equivalent and learn either through an apprenticeship programme or on the job.
|
$42,900
| |
Painters apply paint, stain, and coatings to walls and ceilings, buildings, bridges, and other structures.
|
No formal educational credential. Most painters learn their trade on the job.
|
$37,960
| |
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install and repair pipes that carry liquids or gases to, from, and within businesses, homes, and factories.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Although most plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters learn on the job through an apprenticeship, some start out by attending a technical school. Most states and localities require plumbers to be licensed.
|
$52,590
| |
Roofers replace, repair, and install the roofs of buildings, using a variety of materials, including shingles, bitumen, and metal.
|
No formal educational credential. Although most roofers learn on the job, some may enter the occupation through an apprenticeship programme.
|
$38,970
| |
Sheet metal workers fabricate or install products that are made from thin metal sheets, such as ducts used in heating and air conditioning systems.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Sheet metal workers who work in construction typically learn their trade through an apprenticeship. Those who work in manufacturing often learn on the job or at a technical school.
|
$47,990
| |
Solar photovoltaic (PV) installers, also known as PV installers, assemble, install, and maintain solar panel systems on rooftops or other structures.
|
Most workers need a high school diploma and receive on-the-job training lasting up to 1 year. Other candidates take courses at a technical school or community college. Some PV installers learn to install panels as part of an apprenticeship.
|
$39,490
| |
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Adult literacy and high school equivalency diploma teachers instruct adults in basic skills, such as reading, writing, and speaking English. They also help students earn their high school equivalent diploma.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$52,100
| |
Archivists appraise, process, catalog, and preserve permanent records and historically valuable documents. Curators oversee collections of artwork and historic items, and may conduct public service activities for an institution. Museum technicians and conservators prepare and restore objects and documents in museum collections and exhibits.
|
Master’s degree
|
$47,360. The highest 10 percent earned more than $85,350.
| |
Career and technical education teachers instruct students in various technical and vocational subjects, such as auto repair, healthcare, and culinary arts. They teach academic and technical content to provide students with the skills and knowledge necessary to enter an occupation.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$55,240
| |
High school teachers help prepare students for life after graduation. They teach academic lessons and various skills that students will need to attend college and to enter the job market.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$59,170
| |
Instructional coordinators oversee school curriculums and teaching standards. They develop instructional material, coordinate its implementation with teachers and principals, and assess its effectiveness.
|
Master's degree
|
$63,750
| |
Kindergarten and elementary school teachers instruct young students in basic subjects, such as math and reading, in order to prepare them for future schooling.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$56,900
| |
Librarians help people find information and conduct research for personal and professional use. Their job duties may change based on the type of library they work in, such as public, academic, and medical libraries.
|
Master's degree
|
$58,520
| |
Library technicians and assistants help librarians with all aspects of running a library. They assist patrons, organize library materials and information, and perform clerical and administrative tasks.
|
Certificate programmes in library technology
|
$29,050
| |
Middle school teachers educate students, typically in sixth through eighth grades (middle school:1ST-3RD forms secondary juniors). They help students build on the fundamentals they learned in elementary school and prepare them for the more difficult curriculum they will face in high school.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$57,720
| |
Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a wide variety of academic and technical subjects beyond the high school level. They may also conduct research and publish scholarly papers and books.
|
Doctoral degree. Master's degree may be enough at community colleges.
|
$76,000
| |
Preschool teachers educate and care for children younger than age 5 who have not yet entered kindergarten (primary school). They teach language, motor, and social skills to young children.
|
Associate's degree
|
$28,990
| |
Special education teachers work with students who have a wide range of learning, mental, emotional, and physical disabilities. They adapt general education lessons and teach various subjects, such as reading, writing, and math, to students with mild and moderate disabilities. They also teach basic skills, such as literacy and communication techniques, to students with severe disabilities.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$58,980
| |
Teacher assistants work under a teacher’s supervision to give students additional attention and instruction.
|
Some colleges, no degree. Teacher assistants typically need to have completed at least 2 years of college coursework.
|
$26,260
| |
Entertainment and Sports Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Actors express ideas and portray characters in theater, film, television, and other performing arts media. They interpret a writer’s script to entertain or inform an audience.
|
Some colleges, no degree. However, many actors enhance their skills through formal dramatic education, and long-term training is common.
|
The annual wage is not available.
| |
Athletes and sports competitors participate in organized, officiated sporting events to entertain spectators.
|
No formal educational credential. Athletes must have superior athletic talent and an extensive knowledge of their sport. They usually get such knowledge through years of practice and experience at lower levels of competition. Athletes and sports competitors gain experience by competing in high school, college, or club teams.
|
$51,370
| |
Coaches teach amateur or professional athletes the skills they need to succeed at their sport. Scouts look for new players and evaluate their skills and likelihood for success at the college, amateur, or professional level. Many coaches also are involved in scouting.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$32,270
| |
Dancers and choreographers use dance performances to express ideas and stories. There are many types of dance, such as ballet, tango, modern dance, tap, and jazz.
|
Many dancers begin training when they are young. Many colleges and universities offer bachelor’s and/or master’s degrees in dance, typically through departments of theater or fine arts.
|
The annual wage is not available.
| |
Music directors, also called conductors, lead orchestras and other musical groups during performances and recording sessions. Composers write and arrange original music in a variety of musical styles.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$50,590
| |
Musicians and singers play instruments or sing for live audiences and in recording studios.
|
No formal educational credential. However, many performers of classical music and opera have at least a bachelor’s degree. Musicians and singers need extensive training and regular practice to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to interpret music at a professional level.
|
The annual wage is not available.
| |
Producers and directors create motion pictures, television shows, live theater, commercials, and other performing arts productions. They interpret a writer’s script to entertain or inform an audience.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$71,620
| |
Umpires, referees, and other sports officials preside over competitive athletic or sporting events to help maintain standards of play. They detect infractions and decide penalties according to the rules of the game.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Educational requirements vary by state and are sometimes determined by the local sports association. Officiating sports requires extensive knowledge of the rules of the game.
|
$26,800
| |
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Agricultural workers maintain crops and tend to livestock. They perform physical labour and operate machinery under the supervision of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers.
|
Most agricultural workers do not need a high school diploma; however, a high school diploma typically is needed for animal breeders. Some jobs as an animal breeder may require obtaining postsecondary education.
|
$23,730
| |
Fishing and hunting workers catch and trap various types of animal life. The fish and wild animals they catch are for human food, animal feed, bait, and other uses.
|
No formal educational credential. Fishing and hunting workers usually learn on the job.
|
$28,530
| |
Forest and conservation workers measure and improve the quality of forests. Under the supervision of foresters and forest and conservation technicians, they develop, maintain, and protect forests.
|
Forest and conservation workers typically need a high school diploma and a valid driver’s license before they begin working. Some vocational and technical schools and community colleges offer courses leading to a 2-year technical degree in forestry.
|
$27,650
| |
Logging workers harvest thousands of acres of forests each year. The timber they harvest provides the raw material for many consumer goods and industrial products.
|
A high school diploma is enough for most logging worker jobs. Some vocational or technical schools and community colleges offer associate’s degrees or certificates in forest technology. They get on-the-job training to become familiar with forest environments and to learn how to operate logging machinery.
|
$38,840
| |
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Bartenders mix drinks and serve them directly to customers or through wait staff.
|
No formal educational credential. Most bartenders learn their skills on the job. Vocational schools and hospitality institutes offer programmes for aspiring bartenders.
|
$21,690
| |
Chefs and head cooks oversee the daily food preparation at restaurants and other places where food is served. They direct kitchen staff and handle any food-related concerns.
|
Most chefs and head cooks learn their skills through work experience. Others receive training at a community college, technical school, culinary arts school, or 4-year college. Some learn through apprenticeship programmes.
|
$45,950
| |
Cooks prepare, season, and cook a wide range of foods, which may include soups, salads, entrees, and desserts.
|
Vocational cooking schools, professional culinary institutes, and some colleges offer culinary programmes for aspiring cooks.
|
$23,970
| |
Food and beverage serving and related workers perform a variety of customer service, food preparation, and cleaning duties in restaurants, cafeterias, and other eating and drinking establishments.
|
Most food and beverage serving and related workers learn their skills on the job. Vocational schools and hospitality institutes offer programmes as well.
|
$20,410
| |
Food preparation workers perform many routine tasks under the direction of cooks, chefs, or food service managers. Food preparation workers prepare cold foods, slice meat, peel and cut vegetables, brew coffee or tea, and perform many other food service tasks.
|
No formal educational credential. Food preparation workers learn through short-term on-the-job training, usually lasting several weeks. Some states may require that any staff who handle food need to take training related to the safe handling of food.
|
$22,730
| |
Waiters and waitresses take orders and serve food and beverages to customers in dining establishments.
|
No formal educational credential. Most waiters and waitresses learn through short-term on-the-job-training, usually lasting a few weeks. Some states may require that any staff who handle food need to take training related to the safe handling of food.
|
$20,820
| |
Healthcare Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Athletic trainers specialize in preventing, diagnosing, and treating muscle and bone injuries and illnesses.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$46,630
| |
Audiologists diagnose, manage, and treat a patient’s hearing, balance, or ear problems.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$75,920
| |
Chiropractors treat patients with health problems of the neuromusculoskeletal system, which includes nerves, bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. They use spinal adjustments and manipulation, as well as other clinical interventions, to manage patients’ health concerns, such as back and neck pain.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$68,640
| |
Dental assistants perform many tasks, ranging from providing patient care and taking x-rays to recordkeeping and scheduling appointments. Their duties vary by state and by the dentists’ offices where they work.
|
Postsecondary nondegree award. Some states require assistants to graduate from an accredited programme and pass an exam.
|
$37,630
| |
Dental hygienists clean teeth, examine patients for signs of oral diseases such as gingivitis, and provide other preventive dental care. They also educate patients on ways to improve and maintain good oral health.
|
Associate's degree
|
$74,070
| |
Dentists diagnose and treat problems with patients’ teeth, gums, and related parts of the mouth. They provide advice and instruction on taking care of the teeth and gums and on diet choices that affect oral health.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$158,120
| |
Diagnostic medical sonographers and cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including vascular technologists, also called diagnostic imaging workers, operate special imaging equipment to create images or to conduct tests. The images and test results help physicians assess and diagnose medical conditions.
|
Associate's degree
|
$65,620
| |
Dietitians and nutritionists are experts in the use of food and nutrition to promote health and manage disease. They advise people on what to eat in order to lead a healthy lifestyle or achieve a specific health-related goal.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$59,410
| |
Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics care for the sick or injured in emergency medical settings. People’s lives often depend on the quick reaction and competent care provided by these workers. EMTs and paramedics respond to emergency calls, performing medical services and transporting patients to medical facilities.
|
Postsecondary nondegree award. Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics typically complete a postsecondary educational programme. All states require EMTs and paramedics to be licensed.
|
$33,380
| |
Exercise physiologists develop fitness and exercise programmes that help patients recover from chronic diseases and improve cardiovascular function, body composition, and flexibility.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$49,090
| |
Genetic counsellors assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects. They provide information and support to other healthcare providers, or to individuals and families concerned with the risk of inherited conditions.
|
Master's degree
|
$77,480
| |
Home health aides and personal care aides help people with disabilities, chronic illnesses, or cognitive impairment by assisting in their daily living activities. They often help older adults who need assistance. In some states, home health aides may be able to give a client medication or check the client’s vital signs under the direction of a nurse or other healthcare practitioner.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Those working in certified home health or hospice agencies must complete formal training and pass a standardized test.
|
$23,130
| |
Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) provide basic nursing care. They work under the direction of registered nurses and doctors.
|
Postsecondary nondegree award. Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses must complete a state-approved educational programme, which typically takes about 1 year to complete.
|
$45,030
| |
Massage therapists treat clients by using touch to manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body. With their touch, therapists relieve pain, help heal injuries, improve circulation, relieve stress, increase relaxation, and aid in the general wellness of clients.
|
Massage therapists typically complete a postsecondary education programme of 500 or more hours of study and experience. Most states regulate massage therapy and require massage therapists to have a license or certification.
|
$39,990
| |
Medical laboratory technologists (commonly known as medical laboratory scientists) and medical laboratory technicians collect samples and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue, and other substances.
|
An entry-level job for technologists usually requires a bachelor's degree in medical technology or life sciences also known as a medical laboratory scientist degree.
|
$51,770
| |
Medical assistants complete administrative and clinical tasks in the offices of physicians, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. Their duties vary with the location, specialty, and size of the practice.
|
Most medical assistants have postsecondary education such as a certificate.
|
$32,480
| |
Medical records and health information technicians, commonly referred to as health information technicians, organize and manage health information data. They ensure that the information maintains its quality, accuracy, accessibility, and security in both paper files and electronic systems. They use various classification systems to code and categorize patient information for insurance reimbursement purposes, for databases and registries, and to maintain patients’ medical and treatment histories.
|
Health information technicians typically need a postsecondary certificate to enter the occupation, although some may need an associate’s degree. Certification is often required.
|
$39,180
| |
Medical transcriptionists, sometimes referred to as healthcare documentation specialists, listen to voice recordings that physicians and other healthcare workers make and convert them into written reports. They also may review and edit medical documents created using speech recognition technology. Transcriptionists interpret medical terminology and abbreviations in preparing patients’ medical histories, discharge summaries, and other documents.
|
Postsecondary nondegree award. Prospective medical transcriptionists must have an understanding of medical terminology, anatomy and physiology, grammar, and word-processing software.
|
$35,250
| |
Nuclear medicine technologists prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to patients for imaging or therapeutic purposes.
|
Associate's degree
|
$75,660
| |
Nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners, also referred to as advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs), coordinate patient care and may provide primary and specialty healthcare. The scope of practice varies from state to state.
|
Master's degree
|
$110,930
| |
Nursing assistants, sometimes called nursing aides, help provide basic care for patients in hospitals and residents of long-term care facilities, such as nursing homes. Orderlies transport patients and clean treatment areas.
|
Nursing assistants must complete a state-approved education program and must pass their state’s competency exam to become certified. Orderlies generally have at least a high school diploma.
|
$27,510
| |
Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians collect data on and analyze many types of work environments and work procedures. Specialists inspect workplaces for adherence to regulations on safety, health, and the environment. Technicians work with specialists in conducting tests and measuring hazards to help prevent harm to workers, property, the environment, and the general public.
|
Occupational health and safety specialists typically need a bachelor’s degree in occupational health and safety or a related scientific or technical field, such as engineering, biology, or chemistry. For some positions, a master’s degree in industrial hygiene, health physics, or a related subject is required.
|
$67,720
| |
Occupational therapists treat injured, ill, or disabled patients through the therapeutic use of everyday activities. They help these patients develop, recover, improve, as well as maintain the skills needed for daily living and working.
|
Master's degree
|
$83,200
| |
Occupational therapy assistants and aides help patients develop, recover, improve, as well as maintain the skills needed for daily living and working. Occupational therapy assistants are directly involved in providing therapy to patients; occupational therapy aides typically perform support activities. Both assistants and aides work under the direction of occupational therapists.
|
Occupational therapy assistants typically need an associate’s degree from an accredited programme.
|
$56,690
| |
Opticians help fit eyeglasses and contact lenses, following prescriptions from ophthalmologists and optometrists. They also help customers decide which eyeglass frames or contact lenses to buy.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Some opticians enter the occupation with an associate’s degree or a certificate from a community college or technical school. About half of the states require opticians to be licensed.
|
$36,250
| |
Optometrists examine the eyes and other parts of the visual system. They also diagnose and treat visual problems and manage diseases, injuries, and other disorders of the eyes. They prescribe eyeglasses or contact lenses as needed.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$110,300
| |
Orthotists and prosthetists design and fabricate medical supportive devices and measure and fit patients for them. These devices include artificial limbs (arms, hands, legs, and feet), braces, and other medical or surgical devices.
|
Master's degree
|
$66,240
| |
Pharmacists dispense prescription medications to patients and offer expertise in the safe use of prescriptions. They also may conduct health and wellness screenings, provide immunizations, oversee the medications given to patients, and provide advice on healthy lifestyles.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$124,170
| |
Pharmacy technicians help pharmacists dispense prescription medication to customers or health professionals.
|
Pharmacy technicians usually need a high school diploma or equivalent and learn their duties through on-the-job training, or they may complete a postsecondary education programme in pharmacy technology. Most states regulate pharmacy technicians, which is a process that may require passing an exam or completing a formal education or training programme.
|
$31,750
| |
Phlebotomists draw blood for tests, transfusions, research, or blood donations. Some explain their work to patients and provide assistance when patients have adverse reactions after their blood is drawn.
|
Phlebotomists typically enter the occupation with a postsecondary nondegree award from a phlebotomy programme. Almost all employers look for phlebotomists who have earned professional certification.
|
$33,670
| |
Physical therapist assistants, sometimes called PTAs, and physical therapist aides work under the direction and supervision of physical therapists. They help patients who are recovering from injuries and illnesses regain movement and manage pain.
|
All states require physical therapist assistants to have an associate’s degree from an accredited physical therapist assistant programme.
|
$46,920
| |
Physical therapists, sometimes called PTs, help injured or ill people improve their movement and manage their pain. These therapists are often an important part of the rehabilitation, treatment, and prevention of patients with chronic conditions, illnesses, or injuries.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$86,850
| |
Physician assistants, also known as PAs, practice medicine on teams with physicians, surgeons, and other healthcare workers. They examine, diagnose, and treat patients.
|
Master's degree
|
$104,860
| |
Physicians and surgeons diagnose and treat injuries or illnesses. Physicians examine patients; take medical histories; prescribe medications; and order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests. They counsel patients on diet, hygiene, and preventive healthcare. Surgeons operate on patients to treat injuries, such as broken bones; diseases, such as cancerous tumors; and deformities, such as cleft palates.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
This wage is equal to or greater than $208,000 per year.
| |
Podiatrists provide medical and surgical care for people with foot, ankle, and lower leg problems. They diagnose illnesses, treat injuries, and perform surgery involving the lower extremities.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$127,740
| |
Psychiatric technicians and aides care for people who have mental illness and developmental disabilities. Technicians typically provide therapeutic care and monitor their patients’ conditions. Aides help patients in their daily activities and ensure a safe, clean environment.
|
Psychiatric technicians typically have a postsecondary certificate. Often, they have experience as a nursing assistant or a licensed practical nurse and have completed postsecondary education in nursing.
|
$29,330
| |
Radiation therapists treat cancer and other diseases in patients by administering radiation treatments.
|
Associate's degree
|
$80,570
| |
Radiologic technologists, also known as radiographers, perform diagnostic imaging examinations, such as x-rays, on patients. MRI technologists operate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners to create diagnostic images.
|
Associate's degree
|
$60,070
| |
Recreational therapists plan, direct, and coordinate recreation-based treatment programmes for people with disabilities, injuries, or illnesses. These therapists use a variety of modalities, including arts and crafts; drama, music, and dance; sports and games; aquatics; and community outings to help maintain or improve a patient’s physical, social, and emotional well-being.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$47,680
| |
Registered nurses (RNs) provide and coordinate patient care, educate patients and the public about various health conditions, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and their family members.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$70,000
| |
Respiratory therapists care for patients who have trouble breathing—for example, from a chronic respiratory disease, such as asthma or emphysema. Their patients range from premature infants with undeveloped lungs to elderly patients who have diseased lungs. They also provide emergency care to patients suffering from heart attacks, drowning, or shock.
|
Associate's degree
|
$59,710
| |
Speech-language pathologists (sometimes called speech therapists) assess, diagnose, treat, and help to prevent communication and swallowing disorders in children and adults. Speech, language, and swallowing disorders result from a variety of causes, such as a stroke, brain injury, hearing loss, developmental delay, Parkinson’s disease, a cleft palate, or autism.
|
Master's degree
|
$76,610
| |
Surgical technologists, also called operating room technicians, assist in surgical operations. They prepare operating rooms, arrange equipment, and help doctors during surgeries.
|
Surgical technologists typically need a postsecondary nondegree award or an associate’s degree. Certification can be beneficial in finding a job. A small number of states regulate surgical technologists.
|
$46,310
| |
Veterinarians care for the health of animals and work to improve public health. They diagnose, treat, and research medical conditions and diseases of pets, livestock, and other animals.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$90,420
| |
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers care for animals by performing routine tasks under the supervision of scientists, veterinarians, and veterinary technologists and technicians.
|
High school diploma or equivalent and learn the occupation on the job.
|
$26,140
| |
Veterinary technologists and technicians perform medical tests under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian to assist in diagnosing the injuries and illnesses of animals.
|
Associate's degree
|
$33,400
| |
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft.
|
Avionics technicians typically earn an associate’s degree before entering the occupation. Aircraft controls, systems, and flight instruments have become increasingly digital and computerized. Workers who have the proper background in aviation flight instruments or computer repair are needed to maintain these complex systems.
|
$61,260
| |
Automotive body and glass repairers restore, refinish, and replace vehicle bodies and frames, windshields, and window glass.
|
Most employers prefer to hire automotive body and glass repairers who have completed a training programme in automotive body or glass repair. Still, many new body and glass repairers begin work without previous training. Industry certification is increasingly important.
|
$40,580
| |
Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain, and repair cars and light trucks.
|
Employers prefer that automotive service technicians and mechanics complete a programme at a postsecondary institution. Industry certification is usually required once the person is employed.
|
$39,550
| |
Diesel service technicians (also known as diesel technicians) and mechanics inspect, repair, and overhaul buses and trucks, or maintain and repair any type of diesel engine.
|
Although most diesel technicians learn on the job after a high school education, employers are increasingly preferring applicants who have completed postsecondary training programmes in diesel engine repair. In addition, obtaining industry certification may be helpful because certification demonstrates a diesel technician’s competence and experience.
|
$46,360
| |
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install or repair a variety of electrical equipment in telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and other industries.
|
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers must understand electrical equipment and electronics. As a result, employers often prefer applicants who have taken courses in electronics at a community college or technical school. Courses usually cover AC and DC electronics, electronic devices, and microcontrollers. It is important for prospects to choose schools that include hands-on training in order to gain practical experience.
|
$57,210
| |
General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. They paint, repair flooring, and work on plumbing, electrical, and air-conditioning and heating systems, among other tasks.
|
Many maintenance and repair workers learn some basic skills in high school shop or technical education classes, postsecondary trade or vocational schools, or community colleges. General maintenance and repair workers often learn their skills on the job. They start by doing simple tasks and watching and learning from skilled maintenance workers.
|
$37,670
| |
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers—often called heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVACR) technicians—work on heating, ventilation, cooling, and refrigeration systems that control the temperature and air quality in buildings.
|
Because HVACR systems have become increasingly complex, employers generally prefer applicants with postsecondary education or those who have completed an apprenticeship. Some states and localities may require technicians to be licensed. Workers may need to pass a background check prior to being hired.
|
$47,080
| |
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians, also called mechanics, inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries.
|
Because vehicle and equipment technology is increasingly sophisticated and computerized, some employers prefer to hire service technicians who have completed a formal training programme at a postsecondary institution.
|
$49,440
| |
Industrial machinery mechanics and machinery maintenance workers maintain and repair factory equipment and other industrial machinery, such as conveying systems, production machinery, and packaging equipment. Millwrights install, dismantle, repair, reassemble, and move machinery in factories, power plants, and construction sites.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Industrial machinery mechanics and machinery maintenance workers also usually need a year or more of training after high school. Most millwrights go through an apprenticeship programme that lasts about 4 years.
|
$50,440
| |
Line installers and repairers, also known as line workers, install or repair electrical power systems and telecommunications cables, including fiber optics.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Most line installers and repairers need technical instruction and long-term on-the-job training to become proficient. Apprenticeships are also common.
|
$64,190
| |
Medical equipment repairers install, maintain, and repair patient care equipment.
|
Associate's degree
|
$48,820
| |
Small engine mechanics inspect, service, and repair motorized power equipment. Mechanics often specialize in one type of equipment, such as motorcycles, motorboats, or outdoor power equipment.
|
Motorboat and outdoor power equipment mechanics typically begin work with a high school diploma and learn on the job, although some of them seek postsecondary education. High school or vocational school courses in small engine repair and automobile mechanics are often beneficial.
|
$35,990
| |
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, also known as telecom technicians, set up and maintain devices that carry communications signals, such as telephone lines and Internet routers.
|
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers typically need postsecondary education in electronics, telecommunications, or computer networking. They also receive on-the-job training.
|
$53,380
| |
Wind turbine service technicians, also known as windtechs, install, maintain, and repair wind turbines.
|
Most wind turbine service technicians, also known as windtechs, learn their trade by attending a technical school. They are also trained by their employer after hiring.
|
$53,880
| |
Legal Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators facilitate negotiation and dialogue between disputing parties to help resolve conflicts outside of the court system.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$60,670
| |
Court reporters create word-for-word transcriptions at trials, depositions, and other legal proceedings. Some court reporters provide captioning for television and real-time translation for deaf or hard-of-hearing people at public events, in business meetings, or in classrooms.
|
Many community colleges and technical institutes offer postsecondary certificate programmes for court reporters. Court reporters typically receive a few weeks of on-the-job training. Many states require court reporters who work in legal settings to be licensed by a state or certified by a professional association.
|
$55,120
| |
Judges and hearing officers apply the law by overseeing the legal process in courts. They also conduct pretrial hearings, resolve administrative disputes, facilitate negotiations between opposing parties, and issue legal decisions.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$115,520
| |
Lawyers advise and represent individuals, businesses, and government agencies on legal issues and disputes.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$119,250
| |
Paralegals and legal assistants perform a variety of tasks to support lawyers, including maintaining and organizing files, conducting legal research, and drafting documents.
|
Associate's degree
|
$50,410
| |
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Agricultural and food science technicians assist agricultural and food scientists by performing duties such as measuring and analyzing the quality of food and agricultural products.
|
Associate's degree
|
$39,910
| |
Agricultural and food scientists research ways to improve the efficiency and safety of agricultural establishments and products.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$62,910
| |
Anthropologists and archeologists study the origin, development, and behaviour of humans. They examine the cultures, languages, archeological remains, and physical characteristics of people in various parts of the world.
|
Master's degree
|
$62,280
| |
Atmospheric scientists study the weather and climate, and examine how those conditions affect human activity and the earth in general.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$92,070
| |
Biochemists and biophysicists study the chemical and physical principles of living things and of biological processes, such as cell development, growth, heredity, and disease.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$91,190
| |
Biological technicians help biological and medical scientists conduct laboratory tests and experiments.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$43,800
| |
Chemical technicians use special instruments and techniques to help chemists and chemical engineers research, develop, produce, and test chemical products and processes.
|
Associate's degree
|
$47,280
| |
Chemists and materials scientists study substances at the atomic and molecular levels and analyze the ways in which the substances interact with one another. They use their knowledge to develop new and improved products and to test the quality of manufactured goods.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$76,280
| |
Conservation scientists and foresters manage the overall land quality of forests, parks, rangelands, and other natural resources.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$60,970
| |
Economists study the production and distribution of resources, goods, and services by collecting and analyzing data, researching trends, and evaluating economic issues.
|
Master's degree
|
$102,490
| |
Environmental science and protection technicians monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution and contamination, including those affecting public health.
|
Associate's degree
|
$45,490
| |
Environmental scientists and specialists use their knowledge of the natural sciences to protect the environment and human health. They may clean up polluted areas, advise policymakers, or work with industry to reduce waste.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$69,400
| |
Epidemiologists are public health professionals who investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury in humans. They seek to reduce the risk and occurrence of negative health outcomes through research, community education, and health policy.
|
Master's degree
|
$69,660
| |
Forensic science technicians aid criminal investigations by collecting and analyzing evidence. Many technicians specialize in various types of laboratory analysis.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$57,850
| |
Geographers study the Earth and the distribution of its land, features, and inhabitants. They also examine political or cultural structures and study the physical and human geographic characteristics of regions ranging in scale from local to global.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$76,860
| |
Geological and petroleum technicians provide support to scientists and engineers in exploring and extracting natural resources, such as minerals, oil, and natural gas.
|
Associate's degree
|
$54,190
| |
Geoscientists study the physical aspects of the Earth, such as its composition, structure, and processes, to learn about its past, present, and future.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$89,850
| |
Historians research, analyze, interpret, and write about the past by studying historical documents and sources.
|
Master's degree
|
$59,120
| |
Hydrologists study how water moves across and through the Earth’s crust. They use their expertise to solve problems in the areas of water quality or availability.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$79,990
| |
Medical scientists conduct research aimed at improving overall human health. They often use clinical trials and other investigative methods to reach their findings.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$82,090
| |
Microbiologists study microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites. They try to understand how these organisms live, grow, and interact with their environments.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$69,960
| |
Nuclear technicians assist physicists, engineers, and other professionals in nuclear research and nuclear energy production. They operate special equipment and monitor the levels of radiation that are produced.
|
Associate's degree
|
$80,370
| |
Physicists and astronomers study the ways in which various forms of matter and energy interact. Theoretical physicists and astronomers may study the nature of time or the origin of the universe. Some physicists design and perform experiments with sophisticated equipment such as particle accelerators, electron microscopes, and lasers.
|
Doctoral or professional degree
|
$117,220
| |
Political scientists study the origin, development, and operation of political systems. They research political ideas and analyze governments, policies, political trends, and related issues.
|
Master's degree
|
$115,110
| |
Psychologists study cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behaviour by observing, interpreting, and recording how individuals relate to one another and to their environments. They use their findings to help improve processes and behaviours.
|
Although psychologists typically need a doctoral degree in psychology, a master’s degree may be sufficient for school and industrial organizational positions. Psychologists in clinical practice need a license.
|
$77,030
| |
Sociologists study society and social behaviour by examining the groups, cultures, organizations, social institutions, and processes that develop when people interact and work together.
|
Master's degree
|
$79,650
| |
Survey researchers design and conduct surveys and analyze data. Surveys are used to collect factual data, such as employment and salary information, or to ask questions in order to understand people’s opinions, preferences, beliefs, or desires.
|
Master's degree
|
$54,270
| |
Urban and regional planners develop land use plans and programs that help create communities, accommodate population growth, and revitalize physical facilities in towns, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas.
|
Master's degree
|
$71,490
| |
Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals and other wildlife and how they interact with their ecosystems. They study the physical characteristics of animals, animal behaviours, and the impacts humans have on wildlife and natural habitats.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$62,290
| |
Management Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Administrative services managers plan, direct, and coordinate supportive services of an organization. Their specific responsibilities vary, but administrative service managers typically maintain facilities and supervise activities that include recordkeeping, mail distribution, and office upkeep.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$94,020
| |
Advertising, promotions, and marketing managers plan programmes to generate interest in products or services. They work with art directors, sales agents, and financial staff members.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$129,380
| |
Architectural and engineering managers plan, direct, and coordinate activities in architectural and engineering companies.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$137,720
| |
Compensation and benefits managers plan, develop, and oversee programmes to compensate employees.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$119,120
| |
Computer and information systems managers, often called information technology (IT) managers or IT project managers, plan, coordinate, and direct computer-related activities in an organization. They help determine the information technology goals of an organization and are responsible for implementing computer systems to meet those goals.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$139,220
| |
Construction managers plan, coordinate, budget, and supervise construction projects from start to finish.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$91,370
| |
Elementary, middle, and high school principals manage all school operations, including daily school activities. They coordinate curriculums, oversee teachers and other school staff, and provide a safe and productive learning environment for students.
|
Master's degree
|
$94,390
| |
Emergency management directors prepare plans and procedures for responding to natural disasters or other emergencies. They also help lead the response during and after emergencies, often in coordination with public safety officials, elected officials, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$72,760
| |
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers operate establishments that produce crops, livestock, and dairy products.
|
High school diploma or equivalent
|
$69,620
| |
Financial managers are responsible for the financial health of an organization. They produce financial reports, direct investment activities, and develop strategies and plans for the long-term financial goals of their organization.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$125,080
| |
Food service managers are responsible for the daily operation of restaurants or other establishments that prepare and serve food and beverages. They direct staff to ensure that customers are satisfied with their dining experience, and they manage the business to ensure that it is profitable.
|
Most applicants qualify with a high school diploma and several years of work experience in the food service industry as a cook, waiter or waitress, or counter attendant. Some applicants have received additional training at a community college, technical or vocational school, culinary school, or 4-year college.
|
$52,030
| |
Human resources managers plan, direct, and coordinate the administrative functions of an organization. They oversee the recruiting, interviewing, and hiring of new staff; consult with top executives on strategic planning; and serve as a link between an organization’s management and its employees.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$110,120
| |
Industrial production managers oversee the daily operations of manufacturing and related plants. They coordinate, plan, and direct the activities used to create a wide range of goods, such as cars, computer equipment, or paper products.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$100,580
| |
Lodging managers ensure that guests on vacation or business travel have a pleasant experience at a hotel, motel, or other types of establishment with accommodations. They also ensure that the establishment is run efficiently and profitably.
|
Lodging managers usually take one of three education paths: a bachelor’s degree in hospitality or hotel management, an associate’s degree or a certificate in hotel management, or a high school diploma combined with several years of experience working in a hotel.
|
$51,800
| |
Medical and health services managers, also called healthcare executives or healthcare administrators, plan, direct, and coordinate medical and health services. They might manage an entire facility, a specific clinical area or department, or a medical practice for a group of physicians. Medical and health services managers must direct changes that conform to changes in healthcare laws, regulations, and technology.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$98,350
| |
Natural sciences managers supervise the work of scientists, including chemists, physicists, and biologists. They direct activities related to research and development, and coordinate activities such as testing, quality control, and production.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$118,970
| |
Postsecondary education administrators oversee student services, academics, and faculty research at colleges and universities. Their job duties vary depending on the area of the college they manage, such as admissions, student life, or the registrar’s office.
|
Master's degree
|
$92,360
| |
Preschool and childcare center directors supervise and lead their staffs, design programme plans, oversee daily activities, and prepare budgets. They are responsible for all aspects of their center’s program.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$46,890
| |
Property, real estate, and community association managers take care of the many aspects of residential, commercial, or industrial properties. They make sure the property is well maintained, has a nice appearance, and preserves its resale or leasing value.
|
Although many employers prefer to hire college graduates, a high school diploma combined with several years of related work experience is typically required for entry-level positions. Some managers also must have a real estate license.
|
$58,670
| |
Public relations managers plan and direct the creation of material that will maintain or enhance the public image of their employer or client. Fundraising managers coordinate campaigns that bring in donations for their organization.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$111,280
| |
Sales managers direct organizations' sales teams. They set sales goals, analyze data, and develop training programmes for organizations’ sales representatives.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$121,060
| |
Social and community service managers coordinate and supervise social service programmes and community organizations. They manage workers who provide social services to the public.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$64,100
| |
Top executives devise strategies and policies to ensure that an organization meets its goals. They plan, direct, and coordinate operational activities of companies and organizations.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$104,700
| |
Training and development managers oversee staff and plan, direct, and coordinate programmes to enhance the knowledge and skills of an organization’s employees.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$108,250
| |
Math Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Actuaries analyze the financial costs of risk and uncertainty. They use mathematics, statistics, and financial theory to assess the risk of potential events, and they help businesses and clients develop policies that minimize the cost of that risk. Actuaries’ work is essential to the insurance industry.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$101,560
| |
Mathematicians and statisticians analyze data and apply mathematical and statistical techniques to help solve real-world problems in business, engineering, healthcare, or other fields.
|
Master's degree
|
$84,760
| |
Operations research analysts use advanced mathematical and analytical methods to help organizations investigate complex issues, identify and solve problems, and make better decisions.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$81,390
| |
Media and Communication Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Announcers present music, news, and sports and may provide commentary or interview guests about these or other important topics. Some act as masters of ceremonies (emcees) or disc jockeys (DJs) at weddings, parties, or clubs.
|
Educational requirements for announcers vary. Radio and television announcers typically need a bachelor’s degree in journalism, broadcasting, or communications, along with other experience gained from internships or working at their college radio or television station. Public address announcers typically need a high school diploma with some short-term on-the-job training.
|
$31,500
| |
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians set up, operate, and maintain the electrical equipment for radio programs, television broadcasts, concerts, sound recordings, and movies.
|
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians typically need postsecondary education. Depending on the work they do, they may need either a postsecondary nondegree award or an associate’s degree.
|
$42,650
| |
Editors plan, review, and revise content for publication.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$58,770
| |
Film and video editors and camera operators manipulate moving images that entertain or inform an audience.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$58,210
| |
Interpreters and translators convert information from one language into another language. Interpreters work in spoken or sign language; translators work in written language.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$47,190
| |
Photographers use their technical expertise, creativity, and composition skills to produce and preserve images that tell a story or record an event.
|
Although postsecondary education is not required for portrait photographers, many take classes because employers usually seek applicants with a “good eye” and creativity, as well as a good technical understanding of photography. Photojournalists and industrial and scientific photographers often need a bachelor’s degree.
|
$32,490
| |
Public relations specialists create and maintain a favourable public image for the organization they represent. They craft media releases and develop social media programmes to shape public perception of their organization and to increase awareness of its work and goals.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$59,300
| |
Reporters, correspondents, and broadcast news analysts inform the public about news and events happening internationally, nationally, and locally. They report the news for newspapers, magazines, websites, television, and radio.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$40,910
| |
Technical writers, also called technical communicators, prepare instruction manuals, how-to guides, journal articles, and other supporting documents to communicate complex and technical information more easily. They also develop, gather, and disseminate technical information through an organization’s communications channels.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$70,930
| |
Writers and authors develop written content for various types of media, including advertisements; books; magazines; movie, play, and television scripts; and blogs.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$61,820
| |
Military Careers
| |||
Table 1. Active duty enlisted personnel by broad occupational group and branch of military, and Coast Guard, February 2017
Enlisted
|
Army
|
Air Force
|
Coast Guard
|
Marine Corps
|
Navy
|
Total enlisted personnel in each occupational group
|
Occupational group
| ||||||
Administrative
|
5,575
|
14,095
|
1,678
|
11,691
|
18,244
|
51,283
|
Combat Specialty
|
101,873
|
618
|
637
|
40,108
|
8,265
|
151,501
|
Construction
|
15,050
|
5,203
|
—
|
6,377
|
3,692
|
30,322
|
Electronic and Electrical Equipment Repair
|
29,276
|
29,988
|
4,351
|
16,673
|
48,921
|
129,209
|
Engineering, Science, and Technical
|
41,620
|
50,708
|
1,232
|
26,994
|
41,017
|
161,571
|
Healthcare
|
28,362
|
15,431
|
729
|
—
|
23,843
|
68,365
|
Human Resource Development
|
15,424
|
7,800
|
1
|
2,330
|
4,019
|
29,574
|
Machine Operator and Production
|
4,374
|
6,283
|
1,744
|
2,488
|
8,404
|
23,293
|
Media and Public Affairs
|
6,016
|
7,039
|
140
|
2,432
|
3,744
|
19,371
|
Protective Service
|
21,010
|
33,951
|
2,610
|
6,035
|
12,961
|
76,567
|
Support Service
|
9,913
|
5,193
|
1,111
|
2,210
|
8,356
|
26,783
|
Transportation and Material Handling
|
47,047
|
28,236
|
10,431
|
22,962
|
33,522
|
142,198
|
Vehicle and Machinery Mechanic
|
43,725
|
43,290
|
5,523
|
21,168
|
46,984
|
160,690
|
Non-occupation or unspecified coded personnel
|
2,609
|
6,291
|
1,568
|
1,509
|
2,582
|
14,559
|
Total enlisted personnel for each military branch and Coast Guard
|
371,874
|
254,126
|
31,755
|
162,977
|
264,554
|
1,085,286
|
Officer
|
Army
|
Air Force
|
Coast Guard
|
Marine Corps
|
Navy
|
Total officer personnel in each occupational group
|
Occupational group
| ||||||
Combat Specialty
|
21,453
|
3,763
|
—
|
4,375
|
6,152
|
35,743
|
Engineering, Science, and Technical
|
23,010
|
15,475
|
—
|
4,278
|
10,334
|
53,097
|
Executive, Administrative, and Managerial
|
13,142
|
6,730
|
—
|
2,450
|
6,908
|
29,230
|
Healthcare
|
11,281
|
8,841
|
—
|
—
|
6,845
|
26,967
|
Human Resource Development
|
2,690
|
1,556
|
—
|
707
|
3,496
|
8,449
|
Media and Public Affairs
|
304
|
284
|
—
|
197
|
268
|
1,053
|
Protective Service
|
3,022
|
987
|
—
|
416
|
1,186
|
5,611
|
Support Service
|
1,625
|
735
|
—
|
38
|
990
|
3,388
|
Transportation
|
10,887
|
18,309
|
—
|
5,793
|
10,357
|
45,346
|
Non-occupation or unspecified coded personnel
|
2,812
|
3,670
|
8,198
|
2,692
|
7,333
|
24,705
|
Total officer personnel for each military branch and Coast Guard
|
90,226
|
60,350
|
8,198
|
20,946
|
53,869
|
233,589
|
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Manpower Data Center
| ||||||
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Bill and account collectors try to recover payment on overdue bills. They negotiate repayment plans with debtors and help them find solutions to make paying their overdue bills easier.
|
Most bill and account collectors are required to have a high school diploma, although some employers prefer applicants who have taken some college courses. Communications, accounting, and basic computer courses are examples of classes that are helpful for entering this occupation.
|
$35,330
| |
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks produce financial records for organizations. They record financial transactions, update statements, and check financial records for accuracy.
|
Most bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks need some postsecondary education and also learn some of their skills on the job. They must have basic math and computer skills, including knowledge of spreadsheets and bookkeeping software.
|
$39,240
| |
Customer service representatives interact with customers to handle complaints, process orders, and provide information about an organization’s products and services.
|
Customer service representatives typically need a high school diploma or equivalent and receive on-the-job training to learn the specific skills needed for the job. They should be good at communicating and interacting with people and have some experience using computers.
|
$32,890
| |
Desktop publishers use computer software to design page layouts for newspapers, books, brochures, and other items that are printed or published online.
|
Associate's degree
|
$42,350
| |
Financial clerks do administrative work for many types of organizations. They keep records, help customers, and carry out financial transactions.
|
Financial clerks typically need a high school diploma or equivalent to enter the occupation. Employers of brokerage clerks may prefer candidates who have taken some college courses in business or economics and, in some cases, who have a 2- or 4-year college degree.
|
$38,680
| |
General office clerks perform a variety of clerical tasks, including answering telephones, typing documents, and filing records.
|
High school diploma or equivalent. Courses in using computer applications, such as word processing and spreadsheet software, may be helpful for those who aren’t already familiar with them.
|
$31,500
| |
Information clerks perform routine clerical duties such as maintaining records, collecting data, and providing information to customers.
|
Although candidates for most positions usually qualify with a high school diploma, human resources assistants generally need an associate’s degree. Whether pursuing a degree or not, courses in word processing and spreadsheet applications are particularly helpful.
|
$33,680
| |
Material recording clerks track product information in order to keep businesses and supply chains on schedule. They ensure proper scheduling, recordkeeping, and inventory control.
|
Material recording clerks typically need a high school diploma or equivalent.
Production, planning, and expediting clerks need to have basic knowledge of computer applications such as spreadsheet software.
|
$27,600
| |
Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers, also called public safety telecommunicators, answer emergency and nonemergency calls.
|
Most police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers have a high school diploma. Many states and localities require dispatchers to have training and certification.
In addition, candidates must pass a written exam and a typing test. In some instances, applicants may need to pass a background check, lie detector and drug tests, and tests for hearing and vision. Some jobs require a driver’s license, and experience using computers and in customer service can be helpful. The ability to speak more than one language is also desirable in this occupation.
|
$39,640
| |
Postal service workers sell postal products and collect, sort, and deliver mail.
|
All postal service worker applicants must pass a written exam. The exam covers four areas: address cross comparison, forms completion, memory and coding, and personal characteristics and experience. Jobseekers should contact the post office or mail processing center where they want to work to find out when exams are given.
|
$57,260
| |
Receptionists perform administrative tasks, such as answering phones, receiving visitors, and providing general information about their organization to the public and customers.
|
Receptionists typically need a high school diploma or equivalent, and employers may prefer to hire candidates who have experience with certain computer software applications. Courses in word processing and spreadsheet applications can be particularly helpful.
|
$28,390
| |
Secretaries and administrative assistants perform routine clerical and administrative duties. They organize files, prepare documents, schedule appointments, and support other staff.
|
High school graduates who have experience using computer software applications, such as word processing and spreadsheet programmes, usually qualify for entry-level positions. Although most secretaries learn their job in several weeks, many legal and medical secretaries require additional training to learn industry-specific terminology. Executive secretaries usually need several years of related work experience.
|
$37,870
| |
Tellers are responsible for accurately processing routine transactions at a bank. These transactions include cashing checks, depositing money, and collecting loan payments.
|
Most tellers have a high school diploma and receive about 1 month of on-the-job training. Some banks do background checks before hiring a new teller.
|
$28,110
| |
Personal Care and Service Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Animal care and service workers provide care for animals. They feed, groom, bathe, and exercise pets and other nonfarm animals.
|
Although pet groomers typically learn by working under the guidance of an experienced groomer, they can also attend grooming schools. Animal trainers usually need a high school diploma or equivalent, although some positions may require a bachelor’s degree. For example, marine mammal trainers usually need a bachelor’s degree in marine biology, animal science, biology, or a related field. Dog trainers and horse trainers may take courses at community colleges or vocational and private training schools. Most zoos require keepers to have a bachelor’s degree in biology, animal science, or a related field.
|
$23,160
| |
Barbers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists provide haircutting, hairstyling, and a range of other beauty services.
|
All states require barbers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists to be licensed. To qualify for a license, candidates are required to graduate from a state-approved cosmetology programme.
|
$24,900
| |
Childcare workers attend to the basic needs of children, such as dressing, bathing, feeding, and overseeing play. They may help younger children prepare for kindergarten or assist older children with homework.
|
Employers often prefer to hire workers with at least a high school diploma and, in some cases, postsecondary education in early childhood education.
|
$22,290
| |
Fitness trainers and instructors lead, instruct, and motivate individuals or groups in exercise activities, including cardiovascular exercises (exercises for the heart and blood circulation), strength training, and stretching. They work with people of all ages and skill levels.
|
Almost all trainers and instructors have at least a high school diploma before entering the occupation. An increasing number of employers are requiring fitness workers, particularly personal trainers, to have an associate’s or bachelor’s degree related to a health or fitness field, such as exercise science, kinesiology, or physical education. Programmes often include courses in nutrition, exercise techniques, biology, anatomy, and group fitness.
|
$39,210
| |
Funeral service workers organize and manage the details of a funeral.
|
Associate's degree
|
$56,850
| |
Gaming services workers serve customers in gambling establishments, such as casinos or racetracks. Some workers tend slot machines, deal cards, or oversee other gaming activities such as keno or bingo. Others take bets or pay out winnings. Still others supervise or manage gaming workers and operations.
|
Most gaming jobs require a high school diploma or equivalent. Some casinos may require gaming managers to have a college degree. In addition, all gaming services workers must have excellent customer-service skills.
|
$22,300
| |
Manicurists and pedicurists clean, shape, and beautify fingernails and toenails.
|
Manicurists and pedicurists must complete a state-approved cosmetology or nail technician program and then pass a state exam for licensure.
|
$23,230
| |
Recreation workers design and lead activities to help people stay active, improve fitness, and have fun. They work with groups in summer camps, fitness and recreational sports centers, nursing care facilities, nature parks, and other settings. They may lead such activities as arts and crafts, sports, music, dramatics, or games.
|
Recreation workers typically need at least a high school diploma or the equivalent. Many receive on-the-job training that typically lasts less than a month.
Entry-level educational requirements vary with the type of position. For example, an activity leader position working with the elderly will have different requirements than a position as a summer camp counsellor working with children.
|
$24,540
| |
Skincare specialists cleanse and beautify the face and body to enhance a person’s appearance.
|
Skincare specialists must complete a state-approved cosmetology or esthetician programme and then pass a state exam for licensure. Although some high schools offer vocational training, most people receive their training from a postsecondary vocational school.
|
$30,080
| |
Production Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Assemblers and fabricators assemble finished products and the parts that go into them. They use tools, machines, and their hands to make engines, computers, aircraft, ships, boats, toys, electronic devices, control panels, and more.
|
The education level and qualifications needed to enter these jobs varies with the industry and employer. Although a high school diploma is enough for most jobs, experience and additional training are needed for more advanced assembly work.
|
$31,850
| |
Bakers mix ingredients according to recipes in order to make breads, pastries, and other baked goods.
|
Long-term on-the-job training is the most common path to gain the skills necessary to become a baker. Some bakers start their careers through an apprenticeship programme or by attending a technical or culinary school.
|
$25,690
| |
Butchers cut, trim, and package meat for retail sale.
|
Most butchers learn their skills through on-the-job training lasting more than a year.
|
$30,890
| |
Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians construct, fit, or repair medical appliances and devices, including dentures, eyeglasses, and prosthetics.
|
Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians typically need at least a high school diploma or equivalent. There are some postsecondary programmes in dental laboratory technology at community colleges or technical or vocational schools that award an associate’s degree or postsecondary certificate.
|
$35,250
| |
Food and tobacco processing workers operate equipment that mixes, cooks, or processes ingredients used in the manufacture of food and tobacco products.
|
Food batchmakers and food cooking machine operators typically need a high school diploma or equivalent. Because workers often adjust the quantity of ingredients that go into a mix, math and reading skills are considered helpful.
|
$27,630
| |
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers design, construct, adjust, repair, appraise and sell jewelry.
|
Although most jewelers and precious stone and metal workers have a high school diploma, many trade schools offer courses for workers who seek additional education. Many jewelers learn and develop the skills of the trade through on-the-job training.
|
$37,960
| |
Machinists and tool and die makers set up and operate a variety of computer-controlled and mechanically controlled machine tools to produce precision metal parts, instruments, and tools.
|
Machinists and tool and die makers typically are trained on the job. Some learn through training or apprenticeship programmes, vocational schools, or community and technical colleges. Although machinists typically need just a high school diploma, tool and die makers may need to complete courses beyond high school.
|
$44,110
| |
Metal and plastic machine workers set up and operate machines that cut, shape, and form metal and plastic materials or pieces.
|
Most metal and plastic workers have a high school diploma and learn through on-the-job training typically lasting a year. Computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine tool programmers, however, typically need to complete courses beyond high school.
|
$35,400
| |
Painting and coating workers paint and coat a wide range of products, including cars, jewelry, and ceramics, often with the use of machines.
|
Most painting and coating workers learn on the job after earning a high school diploma or equivalent. Training for new workers usually lasts several months. Some automotive painters attend a technical or vocational school where they receive hands-on training and learn the intricacies of mixing and applying different types of paint.
|
$36,010
| |
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers control the systems that generate and distribute electric power.
|
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers typically need at least a high school diploma or equivalent with extensive on-the-job training, which may include a combination of classroom and hands-on training. However, employers may prefer workers who have a college or vocational school degree. Many jobs require a background check and screenings for drugs and alcohol. Nuclear power reactor operators also need a license.
|
$80,440
| |
Quality control inspectors examine products and materials for defects or deviations from specifications.
|
Candidates for inspector jobs can improve their chances of finding work by studying industrial trades in high school or in a postsecondary vocational programme. Laboratory work in the natural or biological sciences also may improve a person’s analytical skills and increase their chances of finding work in medical or pharmaceutical labs, where many of these workers are employed.
|
$37,340
| |
Stationary engineers and boiler operators control stationary engines, boilers, or other mechanical equipment to provide utilities for buildings or for industrial purposes.
|
Stationary engineers and boiler operators need at least a high school diploma. Students should take courses in math, science, and mechanical and technical subjects. With the growing complexity of the work, vocational school or college courses may benefit workers trying to advance in the occupation.
|
$59,890
| |
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators manage a system of machines, often through the use of control boards, to transfer or treat water or wastewater.
|
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators typically need at least a high school diploma or equivalent and a license to work. They also complete on-the-job training. Employers may prefer applicants who have completed a certificate, an associate’s, or a bachelor’s degree programme in a related field such as environmental science or wastewater treatment technology.
|
$46,150
| |
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers use hand-held or remotely controlled equipment to join or cut metal parts. They also fill holes, indentations, or seams in metal products.
|
A high school diploma or equivalent, combined with technical and on-the-job training, is typically required for anyone to become a welder, cutter, solderer, or brazer. High school technical education courses and postsecondary institutions, such as vocational–technical institutes, community colleges, and private welding, soldering, and brazing schools offer formal technical training.
|
$40,240
| |
Woodworkers manufacture a variety of products such as cabinets and furniture, using wood, veneers, and laminates. They often combine and incorporate different materials into wood.
|
A high school diploma or equivalent is typically required to become a woodworker. Although some entry-level jobs can be learned in less than 1 year, becoming fully proficient generally takes several years of on-the-job training. The ability to use computer-controlled machinery is becoming increasingly important.
|
$30,850
| |
Protective Service Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Correctional officers are responsible for overseeing individuals who have been arrested and are awaiting trial or who have been sentenced to serve time in jail or prison. Bailiffs are law enforcement officers who maintain safety and order in courtrooms.
|
Correctional officers and bailiffs typically attend a training academy. Although qualifications vary by state and agency, all agencies require a high school diploma. Federal agencies may also require some college education or previous work experience.
|
$43,510
| |
Fire inspectors examine buildings in order to detect fire hazards and ensure that federal, state, and local fire codes are met. Fire investigators, another type of worker in this field, determine the origin and cause of fires and explosions. Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists assess outdoor fire hazards in public and residential areas.
|
Fire inspectors and investigators usually must pass a background check, which may include a drug test. Most employers also require inspectors and investigators to have a valid driver’s license. Because fire inspectors and investigators typically have previous work experience as a firefighter, many have completed a postsecondary educational programme for emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Some employers prefer candidates with a 2- or 4-year degree in fire science, engineering, or chemistry. For those candidates interested in becoming forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists, a high school diploma or equivalent typically is required.
|
$56,670
| |
Firefighters control and put out fires and respond to emergencies where life, property, or the environment is at risk.
|
Firefighters typically need a high school diploma and training in emergency medical services. Prospective firefighters must pass written and physical tests, complete a series of interviews, go through training at a fire academy, and hold an emergency medical technician (EMT) certification.
Applicants for firefighter jobs typically must be at least 18 years old and have a valid driver’s license. They must also pass a medical exam and drug screening to be hired. After being hired, firefighters may be subject to random drug tests and will also need to complete routine physical fitness assessments.
|
$49,080
| |
Police officers protect lives and property. Detectives and criminal investigators, who are sometimes called agents or special agents, gather facts and collect evidence of possible crimes.
|
Education requirements range from a high school diploma to a college degree. Most police and detectives must graduate from their agency’s training academy before completing a period of on-the-job training. Candidates must be able to meet rigorous physical and personal qualification standards. A felony conviction or drug use may disqualify a candidate. Many community colleges, 4-year colleges, and universities offer programmes in law enforcement and criminal justice. Knowledge of a foreign language is an asset in many federal agencies and geographical regions. Fish and game wardens typically need a bachelor’s degree; desirable fields of study include wildlife science, biology, or natural resources management.
|
$62,960
| |
Private detectives and investigators search for information about legal, financial, and personal matters. They offer many services, such as verifying people’s backgrounds and statements, finding missing persons, and investigating computer crimes.
|
Private detectives and investigators typically need several years of work experience and a high school diploma. In addition, the vast majority of states require private detectives and investigators to have a license. Some, though, may require a 2- or 4-year degree in a field such as criminal justice.
|
$50,700
| |
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers patrol and protect property against theft, vandalism, and other illegal activity.
|
Most security guard and gaming surveillance officer jobs require a high school diploma. Gaming surveillance officers sometimes need experience with security and video surveillance. Most states require security guards to be registered with the state, especially if they carry a firearm.
|
$26,960
| |
Sales Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Advertising sales agents sell advertising space to businesses and individuals. They contact potential clients, make sales presentations, and maintain client accounts.
|
Although a high school diploma is typically enough education for an entry-level advertising sales position, some employers prefer applicants with a bachelor’s degree. Sales and communication skills are essential. Most training for advertising sales agents takes place on the job.
|
$49,680
| |
Cashiers process payments from customers purchasing goods and services.
|
Although most jobs for cashiers have no specific education requirements, some employers prefer applicants with a high school diploma or equivalent. Cashiers should have a basic knowledge of mathematics, because they need to be able to make change and count the money in their registers.
|
$21,030
| |
Insurance sales agents contact potential customers and sell one or more types of insurance. Insurance sales agents explain various insurance policies and help clients choose plans that suit them.
|
Although most employers only require agents to have a high school diploma, many agents have a bachelor’s degree. Agents must be licensed in the states where they work.
|
$49,710
| |
Models pose for artists, photographers, and other clients to help advertise a variety of products, including clothing, cosmetics, food, and appliances. Models also work as fit or fitting models, enabling the manufacturer or fashion designer to achieve the best fit for new styles.
|
No formal education credential is required to become a model. Specific requirements depend on the client, with different jobs requiring different physical characteristics. However, most models must be within certain ranges for height, weight, and clothing size.
|
$22,900
| |
Real estate brokers and sales agents help clients buy, sell, and rent properties. Although brokers and agents do similar work, brokers are licensed to manage their own real estate businesses. Sales agents must work with a real estate broker.
|
Real estate brokers and sales agents typically must complete a number of real estate courses and pass a licensing exam.
|
$47,880
| |
Retail sales workers help customers find products they want and process customers’ payments. There are two types of retail sales workers: retail salespersons, who sell retail merchandise, such as clothing, furniture, and automobiles; and parts salespersons, who sell spare and replacement parts and equipment, especially car parts.
|
Although retail or parts sales positions usually have no formal education requirements, some employers prefer applicants who have a high school diploma or equivalent, especially employers who sell technical products or “big-ticket” items, such as electronics or cars.
|
$23,370
| |
Sales engineers sell complex scientific and technological products or services to businesses. They must have extensive knowledge of the products’ parts and functions and must understand the scientific processes that make these products work.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$98,720
| |
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents connect buyers and sellers in financial markets. They sell securities to individuals, advise companies in search of investors, and conduct trades.
|
Bachelor's degree
|
$63,780
| |
Travel agents sell transportation, lodging, and entertainment activities to individuals and groups planning trips. They offer advice on destinations, plan trip itineraries, and make travel arrangements for clients.
|
Employers generally require candidates to have at least a high school diploma, but may prefer those who have a college degree or who have taken classes related to the travel industry. Many community colleges, vocational schools, and industry associations offer technical training or continuing education classes in professional travel planning. Classes usually focus on reservations systems, marketing, and regulations regarding international travel. In addition, some colleges offer degrees in travel and tourism.
|
$36,990
| |
Wholesale and manufacturing sales representatives sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers to businesses, government agencies, and other organizations. They contact customers, explain the features of the products they are selling, negotiate prices, and answer any questions that their customers may have about the products.
|
Educational requirements vary with the type of product sold. If the products are not scientific or technical, a high school diploma is generally enough for entry into the occupation. If the products are scientific or technical, sales representatives typically need at least a bachelor’s degree.
|
$60,340
| |
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
| |||
OCCUPATION
|
JOB SUMMARY
|
ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION
|
2017 MEDIAN PAY US$
|
Air traffic controllers coordinate the movement of aircraft to maintain safe distances between them.
|
There are several different paths to becoming an air traffic controller. A candidate must have either 3 years of progressively responsible work experience, a bachelor’s degree, a combination of postsecondary education and work experience totalling three years, or obtain a degree through an Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-approved Air Traffic Collegiate Training Initiative (AT-CTI) programme. Additionally, candidates must pass a medical evaluation, including drug screening, and background checks and pass the FAA preemployment test, which includes a biographical assessment. The biographical assessment, also known as a biodata test, is a behavioral consistency exam that evaluates a candidate’s personality fitness to become an air traffic controller. Controllers also must pass a physical exam each year and a job performance exam twice per year. In addition, they must pass periodic drug screenings.
|
$124,540
| |
Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft.
|
Airline pilots typically need a bachelor’s degree in any subject, along with a commercial pilot’s license and an ATP certificate from the FAA. Airline pilots typically start their careers flying as commercial pilots. Commercial pilots usually accrue thousands of hours of flight experience in order to get a job with regional or major airlines. Commercial pilots must have a commercial pilot’s license and usually need a high school diploma or equivalent. The most common path to becoming a commercial pilot is to complete flight training with independent FAA-certified flight instructors or at schools that offer flight training. Some flight schools are part of 2- and 4-year colleges and universities.
|
$111,930
| |
Bus drivers transport people between various places—including work, school, and shopping centers—and across state or national borders. Some drive regular routes, and others transport passengers on chartered trips or sightseeing tours.
|
Bus drivers must have a commercial driver’s license (CDL). This can sometimes be earned during on-the-job training. Bus drivers must possess a clean driving record and frequently may be required to pass a background check. They also must meet physical, hearing and vision requirements. In addition, bus drivers often need a high school diploma or the equivalent.
|
$33,010
| |
Delivery truck drivers and driver/sales workers pick up, transport, and drop off packages and small shipments within a local region or urban area. They drive trucks with a gross vehicle weight (GVW)—the combined weight of the vehicle, passengers, and cargo—of 26,000 pounds or less. Most of the time, delivery truck drivers transport merchandise from a distribution center to businesses and households.
|
Delivery truck drivers and driver/sales workers typically enter their occupations with a high school diploma or equivalent. Workers undergo 1 month or less of on-the-job training. They must have a driver’s license from the state in which they work and possess a clean driving record.
|
$29,250
| |
Flight attendants provide routine services and respond to emergencies to ensure the safety and comfort of airline passengers while aboard planes.
|
A high school diploma is typically required to become a flight attendant. Some airlines may prefer to hire applicants who have taken some college courses.
Those who work on international flights may have to be fluent in a foreign language. Some enroll in flight attendant academies. Applicants must be at least 18 years old, have a valid passport, and pass a background check and drug test. They must have vision that is correctable to at least 20/40 and often need to conform to height requirements set by the airline. Flight attendants also may have to pass a medical evaluation. Flight attendants should present a professional appearance and not have visible tattoos, body piercings, or an unusual hairstyle or makeup.
|
$50,500
| |
Hand labourers and material movers manually move freight, stock, or other materials. Some of these workers may feed or remove material to and from machines, clean vehicles, pick up unwanted household goods, and pack materials for moving.
|
There are usually no formal educational requirements for anyone to become a hand labourer or material mover. Employers typically require only that applicants be physically able to perform the work.
|
$25,870
| |
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers transport goods from one location to another. Most tractor-trailer drivers are long-haul drivers and operate trucks with a gross vehicle weight (GVW) capacity—that is, the combined weight of the vehicle, passengers, and cargo—exceeding 26,000 pounds. These drivers deliver goods over intercity routes, sometimes spanning several states.
|
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers usually have a high school diploma and attend a professional truck driving school. They must have a commercial driver’s license (CDL).
|
$42,480
| |
Material moving machine operators use machinery to transport various objects. Some operators move construction materials around building sites or excavate earth from a mine. Others move goods around a warehouse or onto container ships.
|
Education and training requirements vary by occupation. Crane operators and excavating machine operators usually have several years of experience in related occupations, such as construction equipment operators or hoist or winch operators. Some companies prefer to hire material moving machine operators who have a high school diploma. For crane and tower operators, excavating machine operators, and dredge operators, however, a high school diploma or equivalent typically is required.
|
$34,830
| |
Workers in railroad occupations ensure that passenger and freight trains run on time and travel safely. Some workers drive trains, some coordinate the activities of the trains, and others operate signals and switches in the rail yard.
|
Workers in railroad occupations generally need a high school diploma or equivalent and several months of on-the-job training.
|
$59,780
| |
Taxi drivers, ride-hailing drivers, and chauffeurs transport people to and from the places they need to go, such as airports, homes, shopping centers, and workplaces. These drivers must know their way around a city to take passengers to their destinations.
|
Most taxi drivers, ride-hailing drivers, and chauffeurs go through a brief training period. Many states and local municipalities require taxi drivers and chauffeurs to get a taxi or limousine license. Clean driving records and background checks are sometimes required. There are usually no formal education requirements, although many drivers have a high school diploma or equivalent.
|
$24,880
| |
Water transportation workers operate and maintain vessels that take cargo and people over water. The vessels travel to and from foreign ports across oceans and to domestic ports along the coasts, across lakes, and along the country’s many inland waterways.
|
Sailors and marine oilers usually do not need formal education. Other types of water transportation workers often complete Coast Guard-approved training programs to help them obtain their required credentials. Employers may prefer to hire workers who have earned a bachelor’s degree from a merchant marine academy. The academy programmes offer a bachelor’s degree and a Merchant Mariner Credential (MMC) with an endorsement as a third mate or third assistant engineer. Ordinary seamen, wipers, and other entry-level mariners get on-the-job training for 6 months to a year. The length of training depends on the size and type of ship and waterway they work on. For example, workers on deep-sea vessels need more complex training than those whose ships travel on a river.
|
$55,590
| |
Taken from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics website. Occupational Outlook Handbook.
OOW
2018
No comments:
Post a Comment